Bamboo; Bamboo forest at Huangshan, China: Scientific classification; Kingdom: Plantae: Clade: Angiosperms: Clade: Monocots: Clade: Commelinids: Order: Poales: Family. Over the course of the past year I have alluded to a product I use to improve my athletic performance. This product, derived from corn starch, is called Superstarch. Discrete modern track and field competitions, separate from general sporting festivals, were first recorded in the 19th century. These were typically organised by. Chances are, you need some low-intensity conditioning work in your programming. The upper limit for physiologically useful increases in mileage appears to be around 8. Most amateurs runners don’t run anything like this sort of distance each week. All experience shows that excessively rapid build- up in training mileage is one of the most common causes of injuries. It is physically demanding to run twice a day, and you should not contemplate it until you have been running for a few years. A cornerstone of the running week for many runners is the long run, especially for runners focusing on distances more than 1. The length will vary according to the distance you want to race. Endurance runners will typically do one long run a week; shorter distance runners may do one long run a fortnight. The long run should be between one quarter and one third (certainly less than half) of your weekly mileage. Definition of Cardiovascular Endurance. The definition of cardiovascular endurance simply put is the body’s ability to continue exertion while getting energy from the aerobic system used to supply the body with energy. This is the system that kicks in third after the phosphogen and the glycogen lactic acid system, and so the one that supplies energy to the human circulatory system and the muscles over extended periods. Cardiovascular endurance is most useful for long distance sports; for marathon training, long distance running, jogging and swimming, however it will also be useful for everyone else and a lack of it will lead to individuals becoming quickly tired and out of breath. In a marathon, the person who comes first (while allowing for injury or general poor technique) will generally be the person with the best cardiovascular fitness. To fully understand the definition of cardiovascular endurance, it’s important to understand how the body utilises energy to power its muscles. Essentially, all energy in the body of every living organisms comes from a substance called . ATP you see is an adenine nucleotide made up of three phosphates attached by powerful high- energy bonds. When these bonds are broken they release energy, which the body then utilises to power the muscles etc and which forms the basis of the posphogen system, powering the body for 3 seconds using the ATP stored in the muscles. As well as giving off energy however, the phosphogen system also has two other by- products, ADP and AMP, which stands for Andenosine Diphosphate and Andenosine Monophosphate respectively. These are similar to ATP, except in that they describe adenine nucleotides with just two or one posphates respectively. In other words, they are the two parts of the ATP once the bonds are broken. Fortunately however the body also stores and produces another substance called Creatine in the Kidneys. Creatine is meanwhile used by the body to recombine ADP and AMP to make new ATP that can be once again used by the body. Transcript: Food as Medicine: Preventing & Treating the Most Dreaded Diseases with Diet. For those of you unfamiliar with my work, every year I read. There is probably no greater topic of controversy among runners than the ideal mileage. As far as we know, aerobic capacity does not improve if you run more than 50. This then supplies an additional 8- 1. Using these methods combined then the body can utilise the phosphogen system for energy for a full 1. Some athletes take a creatine supplement with the belief that it will increase that 8- 1. The definition of cardiovascular endurance does not encompass this system of energy release, as the ATP and creatine is readily accessible by the body, thus cardiovascular endurance is not necessary for sprinting. Once the body has used up its supply of ATP and creatine, it will move on to a secondary method for energy – the glycogen lactic acid system. Here the body falls back on another substance found in the muscles, namely glycogen. As a form of carbohydrate this too can be broken down into ATP and so used for energy supplying an addition 1. It’s lactic acid that creates the feeling of the . This is why the glycogen lactic acid system is the secondary system used. It is only after these two systems however that the aerobic system kicks in. The definition of cardiovascular endurance then is the ability to continue exertion following the initial 1. At this point the muscle must find its energy from other areas around the body and then transport it to the areas it is needed and this is done via the bloodstream. Here the body uses oxygen to break down energy stored in the mitochondria around the body in the form of foods – either fat or protein. In this way the body begins to . This energy, in the form of ATP of course, is transported via the blood to the muscles resulting in the feeling of being . This system can supply the body with up to two hours of additional performance, though precisely how long will depend on the fitness of the individual (that being the definition of cardiovascular endurance). While this system is fairly slow, and can eventually begin to damage muscle tissue, at the same time it produces no by products other than harmless carbon dioxide and water. It is the aerobic system that the body relies on for long distance running such as that needed for a marathon. The aerobic system relies on many other organs and systems being in place then, and in fact another definition of cardiovascular fitness could be to have a strong heart, high VO2 max, lung capacity, breath control and a healthy circulatory system. It is through these bodily systems that we are able to extract the oxygen from the air and transport it through the blood to the relevant areas. The term VO2 max refers most specifically to the body’s maximum rate at which it can draw oxygen from the air, and can be trained through cardiovascular exercise and more specifically by training where the air is thinner – in the cold or at high altitudes. Obviously a strong heart is crucial for cardiovascular fitness as it’s what will pump the blood round the muscles to the mitochondria and the muscles. This will be transported through the veins and arteries that make up the . A healthy circulatory system can be maintained through consumption of fibre, which travels through the veins and arteries to unclog arterial plaque, and by eating a diet low in carbohydrates and saturated fats. Between these elements then is found an in- depth definition of cardiovascular endurance. Through understanding the exact process that goes into cardiovascular fitness you can train each aspect separately to improve every aspect of your performance. Track and field - Wikipedia. Track and field. Part of a track and field stadium. Nicknames. Track. Characteristics. Team members. Yes. Mixed gender. Yes. Type. Sports. Presence. Olympic. Yes. Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. Track and field is categorised under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running, and race walking. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long- distance events, race walking and hurdling, are won by the athlete with the fastest time. The jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor; the most prominent team events are relay races, which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 7. BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the nearby city of Elis, won the stadium race, a foot race 6. According to some literary traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 1. Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, right down to a personal level. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the term track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon, rather than strictly track- based events. Track and field- style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a sports festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 7. BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested: the stadion footrace. The stone put and weight throw competitions popular among Celtic societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern shot put and hammer throw events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the pole vault, which stemmed from competitions such as the Fierljeppen contests in the Northern European Lowlands in the 1. Discrete modern track and field competitions, separate from general sporting festivals, were first recorded in the 1. These were typically organised by educational institutions, military organisations and sports clubs as competitions between rival establishments. The Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt is the oldest running club in the world, with written records going back to 1. Runners were entered by . The AAA Championships, the de facto British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since 3 July 1. The Olympic athletics programme, comprising track and field events plus a marathon race, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 1. Summer Olympics. The Olympics also consolidated the use of metric measurements in international track and field events, both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field contests remained among the Games' most prominent. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, and only amateur sportsmen could compete. Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this rule was strictly enforced: Jim Thorpe was stripped of his track and field medals from the 1. Olympics after it was revealed that he had played baseball professionally. The National Collegiate Athletic Association held their first Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 1. World Student Games in 1. A growing women's sports movement in Europe and North America led to the establishment of the Women's World Games in 1. Summer Olympics. In 1. Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field. Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the sport, major track and field competitions for disabled athletes were first introduced at the 1. Summer Paralympics. Carl Lewis was among the athletes who helped increase track and field's profile. With the rise of numerous regional championships, as well as the growth in Olympic- style multi- sport events (such as the Commonwealth Games and the Pan- American Games), competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread. From the 1. 96. 0s onwards, the sport gained more exposure and commercial appeal through television coverage and the increasing wealth of nations. After over half a century of amateurism, the amateur status of the sport began to be displaced by growing professionalism in the late 1. Many world records were broken in this period, and the added political element between competitors of the United States, East Germany, and the Soviet Union, in reaction to the Cold War, only served to stoke the sport's popularity. The increase in the commercial capacity of track and field was also met with developments in the application of sports science, and there were many changes to coaching methods, athlete's diet regimes, training facilities and sports equipment. This was also accompanied by an increase in the use of performance- enhancing drugs, and prominent cases, such as those of Olympic gold medallists Ben Johnson and Marion Jones, damaged the public image and marketability of the sport. From the 1. 99. 0s onwards, track and field became increasingly more professional and international, as the IAAF gained over two hundred member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully professional competition with the introduction of prize money in 1. In 2. 01. 0, the series was replaced by the more lucrative IAAF Diamond League, a fourteen- meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America and the Middle East. The majority of athletes tend to specialise in just one event (or event type) with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of disciplines. Track events involve running on a track over a specified distances and. There are also relay races in which teams of athletes run and pass on a baton to their team member at the end of a certain distance. There are two types of field events: jumps, and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the length or height of their jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are measured from a board or marker, and any athlete overstepping this mark is judged to have fouled. In the jumps for height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. The majority of jumping events are unaided, although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose- built sticks in the pole vault. The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavy weight, javelin or discus) from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown. Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting a number of different track and field events. Points are given for their performance in each event and the athlete with the greatest points total at the end of all events is the winner. Note: Events in italics are competed at indoor world championships only. Running. The first 1. Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event, the stadion race, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 1. These events have their roots in races of imperial measurements that later changed to metric: the 1. Races up to 1. 00 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. Less- common events include the 5. United States. The 1. Pietro Mennea set a world best in 1. In 8. 00 m races athletes begin at a staggered starting point before the turn in the track and they must remain in their lanes for the first 1. Swedish rivals Gunder H. The latter two races are both Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while the 3. IAAF World Indoor Championships. The 5. 00. 0 m and 1. The 3. 00. 0 m was historically used as a women's long distance event, entering the World Championship programme in 1. Olympic programme in 1. The successes of Emil Z. The 1. 99. 0s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long distance events. Kenyan and Ethiopian athletes, in particular, have since remained dominant in these events. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a baton to a teammate, who then begins their leg upon receiving the baton. There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the race. A team may also be disqualified if its runners are deemed to have wilfully impeded other competitors. There are two very common relay events: the 4. Both events entered the Olympic programme at the 1. Summer Games after a one- off men's medley relay featured in 1.
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